Unification of Italy and Germany

• Nationalism and Revolutions
• Self Determination- deciding your own way
• Italy 1831- group of small city states queen this way since the 400’s the Roman Empire fell.
• Ruled by Austrian King
• Kingdom of Sardinia- Sardinia and Northern Italy
• Kingdom of 2 Sicillies- Sicily and Southern Italy
• Young Italy (secret society) – 1831
• Giuseppe Mazzini heads secret society
• Nationalistic movement
• Believed in self determination
• Exiled, writes while in exile. Speaks of raising up many people (numbers) to win
• Count Camillo Cavour- Prime Minister of Sardinia
• Franc allies with Italy
• Drives out Austria
• Garibaldi- ranking soldier, It’s ok to push Austria out, but we must unite”
• Unites northern and southern Italy
• 1861- Kingdom of United Italy- King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia

 

Germany

·        1802-Otto von Bismarck- united Germany

·        1815- Metternich government formed and the Germanic City States were given to Prussia

·        1830- trade blockage- but city-states sign the Zoleverein agreement

·        this is the 1^st step to unify Germany

·        Bismarck-appointed chancellor of Prussia

·        Guiding the unification of Germany

·        Came up with “Blood and Iron”

·        Says that war is the only means of unification

 

Unification of Germany

Chapter 26, Section 2 (Pg 681-685)

 

Steps toward Unity

• Germany last of great European powers to achieve complete political unity
• 1815 there were 39 independent German states- including Austria and Prussia
• By 1871 the German states (excluding Austria and Switzerland) had united into one single nation

 

German Confederation

• Congress of Vienna establishes German confederation in 1815 under a diet or assembly
• Austria head of confederation located in Frankfurt
• Prussia given lands along Rhine River has political power over trade industry

Economic Unity

·        1834 Prussia forms Zollverein economic agreement

·        Ends trade barriers between most German states

·        Result is lower and more uniform prices on goods

·        Standard system of currency, weights and measures

·        Result = Economic Unity

 

Rise of Bismarck

• 1861 Prussian King William I appoints new Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck
• Shares idea of Unity by war
• Supports policy of Real Politics
• Declares real issues will not be decides “by speeches and majority decisions. . . but by Blood and Iron”

 

“Blood and Iron”

• Objectives:

                        -Army expansion      

                        -Prussia to reduce Austrian control with use of economic and military power

 

• Unify German states under Prussian domination – ONLY
• Solution: WAR (3 wars in 7 years)

 

Danish War

• 1864 Austria and Prussia declare war on Denmark
• Territories of Denmark – schleswig (50% German and 50% Danish) and Holstein (100% German), want to resist Danish annexation
• War settlement- Prussia gets Schleswig and Austria gets Holstein
• Tension from war settlement gives Prussia reason to fight against Austria

 

Austro- Prussian War

• 1866 Prussia goes to war against Austria and wins in just 7 weeks
• War also becomes known as Seven Weeks’ war
• Prussia makes series of alliances to guarantee victory over Austrian control
• France is promised possible compensation from war
• Russia is reminded of Prussia’s aid in Polish Rebellion of 1863

 

Results of Austro- Prussian War

• Ends chance for united Germany under Austrian control
• Dissolves German Confederation
• Venetia given to Italy
• New organization of Germany does not include Austria
• 1867 create North German Confederation
• Each state to manage own domestic affairs
• Foreign and National Affairs to be managed by Prussian assembly

 

Franco- Prussian War

• France wants compensation promised in Austro-Prussian War
• Southern German states do not want to untie with new North German Confederation b/c of religious views (North- Protestant South- Catholic)
• Prussian Hohenzolelrn family offered Spanish throne after Austrian Hapsburg family is removed
• France fears Spanish- German alliance against France

 

France Declares War

 

• 1870 Prussia uses feelings of Nationalism and anti- French feelings
• Prussia allies with southern German states to defeat France
• Southern German states unite under Prussia

 

Formation of an Empire

• 1871 William I assumes title of Kaiser or Emperor of United Germany
• Bismarck becomes chancellor or chief minister
• 25 German states united into one Federal Union
• Each state has its own ruler, army and diplomatic staff
• Kaiser heads the National Government

 

Latin American Revolutions

 

Causes

• The success of the French and American Revolutions encourages Latin America to revolt.
• Enlightened thinkers such as Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, Jefferson and Paine
• Feelings of Nationalism and Self Determination

 

Growing Discontent

• Ridge Social Class

-         Peninsulares – top of social class

·        They were born in Spain or Portugal

·        Held all important military and political positions

-         Creoles – middle of social class

·        They were colonial born while aristocrats

·        Controlled most of the land and businesses

-         Mestizos – bottom of the social class

·        (Majority) Mixture of Native American, African and European

·        Faced social and Racial Barriers, held the lowest jobs, and some were servants

 

 

 

Result

• Uprising in Haiti
• Uprising in Mexico
• Uprising in South America

-         Venezuela

-         Argentina

-         Chile

-         Peru

• Uprising in Brazil

 

Uprising in Haiti

• 1^st successful uprising
• 1790 – Rebellion by former slave named Francois Toussaint – L’Ouverture
• 1802 Napoleon sends troops to stop rebellion
• L’Ouverture is captured and imprisoned in France
• 1803 he dies in prison
• 1804 Haiti declares its independence

 

Uprising in Mexico

• 1810 – Mexican Revolution begins
• Led by Father Miquel Hidalgo
• Class difference and “iron triangle alliance”
• Series of dictatorships by caudillos (strong men) :

-         Benito Juarez – decrease power of church and nobles

-         Portirio Diaz – brings economic advances to Mexico

-         Pancho Villa – lead peasants to rebel against US support of Mexican government

 

Uprising in South America

• 1810 – Simon Bolivar “Liberator”

-         Leads rebellion in Venezuela

-         Later in Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia

• 1820 – Gran Columbia – short lived union between Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador
• 1820 – José de San Martin to rebel in Argentina and Chile

 

Uprising in Brazil

• 1822 – Revolution without any bloodshed
• France invades Portugal and royal family flees to Brazil
• Establish new Empire in Brazil

 

 

 

 

 

“Iron Triangle Alliance”

	Landowners (noble)

 

 

 

Military

 

Industrial Revolution

 

Beginnings

• Begins in England
• Spreads to Belgium, France, Germany, United States, & eventually Japan

 

Why Britain 1^st

• Geography

-         Unified earlier than the rest of Europe

-         Had a large supply of coal and iron

-         Had many natural harbors = good for trade

-         Rivers serve as water highways plus as power source

-         Population growth produces large labor force

-         Enclosure Movement – consolidate small farms into one lager farm

-         Less laborers needed so move to cities for jobs – Factories

 

Factory System & Mass Production

• Textile industry 1^st to emerge – creates factories
• Factories promote Mass Production (huge quantities of goods at lower cost)
• Factory working conditions are harsh and dangerous
• Workers (men, women, and children) have long hours (12 – 16 hours)
• Low paying wages

 

Effects of Industrial Revolution

• Economic Changes
• Social Changes

 

Economic Changes

• Laissez – Faire Economics- “hands off” government should have no influence on business

-         Adam Smith writes “The Wealth of Nations”

• Big Business and Stockholders – business owners need to raise capital (cash) to expand sell shares (%) of company to investors (become part owners in a company).

 

Social Changes

• New Class Structure

-         Upper class- rich business owners

-         Middle Class

§         (upper) business owners, doctors, lawyers

§         (lower) teachers, office workers, store owners and clerks

• Lower class – factory workers and peasants
• Raise standard of living
• Urbanization

-         People move from small villages to cities

-         Lower class benefits least from Industrial Revolution

-         Harsh living and working conditions in overcrowded cities

• Working Conditions

-         Long hours (12 – 16 hours)

-         Boring work

-         Dangerous machinery

-         Low wages

• Changing Social Roles

-         Before farming families work together

-         Now work place is separate from home

-         Middle class men work and women stay at home raise children

• Improved Transportation

-         Construction of roads, canals, steamship, and railroad

 

Cultural Revolution

Types of Change

• Political Change
• Social Change
• Economical Change

 

Political Change

 

·        Political Ideology (Political Thinking)

·        New ways of thinking

·        Question responsibility of government to the society

 

5 New Ways of Thinking

1.      Liberalism

2.      Conservatism

3.      Social Darwinism

4.      Social Reformism

5.      Socialism

 

Liberalism

·        Natural Rights – Individual Rights

·        Laissez-faire economics – government hands off in business

·        Adam Smith – wrote “Wealth of Nations”

 

Conservatism

·        Tend to want to turn back the clock

·        Nobles

·        Thomas Mathus – (1798) wrote “Essay on the Principles of Population” said the poor needed to stop have children

 

 

 

Social Darwinism

• Charles Darwin – (1859) Developed Theory of Evolution
• Evolution – man evolved over millions of years from the animal kingdom
• Natural Selection – Survival of the fittest
• Increased racism and imperialism

 

Social Reformism

• Socialism
• Interest of Society in greater than the interest of self needs or individual rights
• Industrial Capitalism – huge gaps between the rich and the poor
• Share the wealth
• Classless system
• Government provides for people
• Utopian Socialism
• Believes in perfect society
• Share wealth
• Share power
• Classless system

 

Age of Imperialism

1800-1914

 

Imperialism

• Means one country’s domination of the political, economic and social life of another country
• Not a new concept
• Old imperialism (1500-1800A.D.) – European nations establish colonies in the Americas, India, Asia, Africa and China
• New imperialism (1871 – 1914A.D.) – Primary focus is colonies in Africa and Asia
• Two ways to gain land
• Buy
• Conquer

 

Key Factors

• Nationalism
• Nations compete to build new empires
• Industrial Revolution
• Need for raw materials and desire to expand markets
• Ethnocentrism
• Feeling of supremacy within a culture

 

Imperialistic Nations

• Britain
• France
• Italy
• Germany
• Spain
• Dutch

Justification for Imperialism

• Found in the poem of Rudyard Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden”
• White imperialist have moral duty to educate people in less developed nations

 

3 Types of Foreign Control

• Colony
• Territory is ruled directly by imperial nation
• Protectorate
• Area has its own government with foreign leadership for guidance
• Sphere of Influence
• Area where imperialistic nation has exclusive power over trade and investments

Britain’s Domination

• Seeks opportunities in:
• Australia
• New Zealand
• Africa
• India
• China
• “the sun never sets n the British Empire”
• describes their vast holdings

 

Scramble for Africa

• Until 1800’s Europe knows little of African interior
• 1840 – 1870 most famous explorer/missionary doctor David Livingstone explores interior of Africa
• 1871 Livingstone has been lost for 10 years until British reporter finds him “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
• sets off scramble for Africa

 

Britain in Africa

• Known as “Dark Continent” because it is mysterious
• Cecil Rhodes – famous British adventurer 7 entrepreneur finds riches in gold & diamond mines in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)
• Britain eventually gets control of Egypt and Suez canal (important connect Mediterranean Sea to Red Sea faster transport)
• Egypt has France build canal but eventually needs financial assistance from Britain to pay debt to France

 

France in Africa

• Controls northern Africa
• Tunts
• Algiers
• Morocco

 

Dutch in Southern Africa

• 1652 Dutch settle Cape Town become known as Afrikaners (150 years of control)
• British seize South Africa during Napoleonic Wars. Afrikaners resent British rule especially laws forbidding slavery
• 1830 – 1899 Boer War
• British call Dutch “Boers” (farmers)
• Series of battles between Dutch and Zulu nations
• Later Dutch and British
• British win control

 

Britain in India

• British East India company had trading rights in India as early as 1600’s

 

Imperialism in China

• Since 1644 rulers of Qing dynasty refuse to adopt western ways
• China challenged by mighty European nations
• Opium War & Treaty of Nanjing (1839))
• Trade imbalance (Europe wants more products then China wants)
• 1700’s Britain begins opium trade with China
• China wants to stop drug sales causes Britain to ho to war to keep trade
• Britain wins, China to sign Treaty of Nanjing (1842)
• Unfair conditions placed on China (China pays war costs, open ports to trade, lose Hong Kong, Foreign British citizens to be held to British laws, spheres of influence created)

 

Chinese reactions to imperialism (Rebellions)

• Taiping Rebellion (1850 – 1864)
• Chinese peasants revolt against Qing officials because of poverty and corruption
• Result is death of millions of Chinese and weakened China
• Boxer Rebellion (1900)
• Group known as Boxers (students) attack foreigners in Tiananmen Square
• Foreign military crush rebellion
• China forced to accept western ways
• Sun Yixian Revolution (1900 – 1920)
• Chinese nationalism grows
• Sun Yixian (a.k.a Sun Yat – Sen) leads reformers in movement to replace Qing dynasty w/ republic
• 1911 Sun Yat- Sen named president of Chinese Republic
• 3 Goals
• end foreign domination
• form representative government
• Create economic security

 

Britain in Japan

• 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry opens Japan to trade (prior to this policy of self isolation)
• Japanese force shoguns to abdicate and restore emperor to power known as Meiji Restoration
• Begin program of Modernization (western)

 

Impact of Imperialism

• Growth of nationalism
• Global Economy
• Spread or Western culture
• Conflict between imperial powers